Years ago, before the auto manufacturers started including cold air intake systems on less expensive cars, adding a cold air intake could offer improvements...big time! It wasn't uncommon for a Chevrolet v8 to gain 25 hp when fitted with a cai system. Even early hondas benefitted from intake mods. My daughters early 90s prelude found some hp by us adding a low restriction, cai intake system and filter. It was pretty easy to see how those early, factory systems could be improved on...many were designed for noise control and the air filters were pretty small, paper elements that could be restrictive on top end. But the auto manufacturers have become focused on engineering air intake systems that just dont offer many disadvantages to most applications anymore.
I did hygrometer and temp tests when building a low restriction, intake for my daughters prelude, just to see how much we could improve it. It was easy to see the temp. And pressure drop diminish on top end as we enlarged the intake tube and routed the intake end to collect cool air and installed an open element filter. Was noisy, bulky, but the car was a bit quicker...and that's what she was after! Same thing with exhaust...bigger pipe all the way back, low restriction muffler, no resonator....was quicker, but not refined. According to my then state of the art G-tech accelerometer, after adjustable cam gears, the intake mods, the big tube, cat less exhaust system, and an adjustable resistor that altered the coolant temp to add some fuel, and advancing the timing a few degrees, me went from like 120 hp to 145 hp. It was a good bump for a little money and time, and she was into autocross at the time, so every little bit helped.
But today, things are so good from the factory, there just isn't much left to get by simple mods. Her new civic si is an amazing normally aspirated engine compared to that engine of a decade or so ago. It's amazing the manufacturers can make the hp they do out of the fuel and emission restrictions constraints placed on them. The tuning done today by the aftermarket tuners is amazing! Hats off to the people that find incredible bumps in performance here in the digital age. There just aren't many easy, inexpensive mods that provide much improvement these days.