There was a guy on R3VLIMITED (a BMW forum I was/am on) that ran helicopter fuel in his E30 one time. He said it was around 130 octane. The motor if I recall correctly, had a significant increase in power for about 1 track day and then it destroyed itself.
Hmmm.
Octane in and of itself won't increase power. Unless you have a tune matched to it, you'll actually LOSE power... as all octane is, is a rating of how hard it is to burn.
So I suspect if he picked up a crazy amount of horsepower, and then went "boom".... IF that was indeed the fuel's fault.... was likely due to the oxygen content in the fuel, and not the octane rating.
I'm not familiar with how avgas is different (aside from higher octane rating) but I know with the old race fuel I used to run in the race bikes, way back in the day depending on the series I was running that weekend, I could make a TON of power (specifically on VP Ultimate-4... shit was awesome, liquid horsepower.) Stuff had an octane rating of only like 80... BUT... it was HIGHLY oxygenated. On a 125hp 600cc motorcycle motor the stuff was good for 10-15hp with a proper tune.
Realize that the "fuel" is only a catalyst... you make power by burning the oxygen. A lean mixture always makes more power... because there's more oxygen in the mix. But if you don't tune for it... bad things could happen.
I wouldn't be surprised to learn that avgas has a high oxygen content in it. At altitude with lower oxygen content per unit of ingested air, the intent might be to supplement the oxygen supply by providing it in the fuel itself.